Ethnography is a descriptive study of a particular human society and the process of making such a study. 

Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study. Many ethnographers reside in the field for a year or more, learning the local language or dialect and, to the greatest extent possible, participating in everyday life while at the same time trying to maintain an observer's objective detachment. 

Ethnographic refusal is a practice by which researchers and research participants logether decide not to make particular information available for use within the academia. Engaging in ethnographic refusal as method, then, is intended as an ethical intervention that provides research participants the opportunity To dictate whether knowledge is to be made available within the academia among other places. Examples of ethnographic refusal include the presence of contamination (in places, bodies or animals), or access to knowledge that is considered sacred, amidst various other things.

Ethnography is a descriptive study of a particular human society and the process of making such a study. 

Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study. Many ethnographers reside in the field for a year or more, learning the local language or dialect and, to the greatest extent possible, participating in everyday life while at the same time trying to maintain an observer's objective detachment. 

Ethnographic refusal is a practice by which researchers and research participants logether decide not to make particular information available for use within the academia. Engaging in ethnographic refusal as method, then, is intended as an ethical intervention that provides research participants the opportunity To dictate whether knowledge is to be made available within the academia among other places. Examples of ethnographic refusal include the presence of contamination (in places, bodies or animals), or access to knowledge that is considered sacred, amidst various other things.

Jack Grealish joined Manchester City from Aston Villa in 2021 for 100 million euros as the transfer cost to Aston Villa. He was a part of Aston Villa since he was 6 years old and Villa fans. Francesco Totti joined AS Roma at the age of 13 years and went on to play for 28 years at the club becoming the club top scorer in the process. Even at the peak of his career, he refused offers from other established clubs in Europe. Totti was universally loved by Roma fans.

With reference to India, there are two broad schools of foreign policy within the United States. The prominent one being ‘patience’ that argues for a greater flexibility and understanding of India’s domestic and international interests and therefore striving to consolidate the ties further. However in the wake of Russia Ukraine war,India has crossed several red lines. For eg: not participating in western embargos against Russia,purchasing heavy amounts of Russian oil,increasingly pushing for de-dollarisation by regional currency swap agreements etc. In this context,many amongst the United States believe that it should switch from ‘patience’ to the ‘punishment’ school which argues for withdrawal of strategic investments from India in order to teach India a lesson.

Tamil writer Perumal Murugan’s son got married in an inter-caste love marriage between a Gounder groom and a Brahmin bride. Along with the congratulations that poured in for the young couple, many concerns were also raised by social media users over the Brahminical rituals followed during the wedding ceremony. Anti-caste Scholars have pointed out how Hindu Rituals embody and perpetuate casteist value systems. For instance, most Hindu rituals are structured around the Brahmin male figure and place him at the centre etc. Such brahminical religious authority often govern, dictate and control basic aspects of people’s lives — from naming newborn babies to approving life partners and performing last rites.

In response to this criticism, Murugan published an OPEN LETTER and wrote a piece titled 'Jaadhiyai Thavirpadhu Eppodhu Saathiyam?' (‘When is it possible to avoid caste?’) on the Tamil website Arunchol. His apology lays down the compromises that are sought when two families belonging to different caste groups try to reach a consensus on the wedding rituals to be performed. They also emphasise how difficult it is to make anti-caste choices in general, given how caste informs every sphere of life and every action we perform. Further, Ambedkar also talks about the “infection of imitation” , by which he laments how Brahminical practices have become common among many other castes as well. 

“I often talk about love as one of the few places where people actually admit they want to become different. And so it’s like change without trauma, but it’s not change without instability. It’s change without guarantees, without knowing what the other side of it is, because it’s entering into relationality. The thing I like about love is that love always means non-sovereignty." 

-Lauren Berlant

Non-sovereignty is when you don't have control.

“I often talk about love as one of the few places where people actually admit they want to become different. And so it’s like change without trauma, but it’s not change without instability. It’s change without guarantees, without knowing what the other side of it is, because it’s entering into relationality. The thing I like about love is that love always means non-sovereignty." 

-Lauren Berlant

Non-sovereignty is when you don't have control.

The 127th Constitutional Amendment passed in 2021 restored the rights of the States and the Union Territories to maintain their own list of socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs), commonly known as Other Backward Classes (OBCs). This was a shift from the earlier system, which provided that the President, in consultation with the Governor for each state, would notify SEBCs for that specific state. For example - in order to identify and proclaim OBC communities in the state of maharashtra, earlier, the President would decide which groups would be put in the separate state OBC list. Now (due to the 127th CAA) the maharashtra state government will be the authority to identify OBC communities

The National Commission for Backward Classes has proposed a draft suggesting to divide the Central list of OBCs into three groups and apportioning 27% quota among them as per their numerical strength. The EBCs would comprise the most disadvantaged communities: aboriginal tribes, denotified tribes, nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes, groups whose traditional occupation was begging/pig-rearing, snake-charming, religious mendicants, agricultural laborers and boatmen among others. MBCs would comprise groups with “traditional occupation” like painting, doll-making, toddy tappers, oil pressing, silk-weavers, potters, sheep-rearing, jute-weaving, butchers, tailoring, fishing, gardening, barbers, dalit converts to Christianity. The third category would comprise the relatively advanced sections.

The Union Public Service Commission Civil Services Examination is a series of examinations to recruit recruitment to the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), Indian Police Service (IPS) and other Central Services. Around 13 lakh people attempted the UPSC preliminary exam in 2023. Currently, the maximum age limit for candidates is 32y(Gen/EWS), 35y(OBC), and 37y(SC/ST). The maximum number of attempts allowed are 6,9 and unlimited respectively.

The Arab League is a union of Arabic-speaking African and Asian countries. It was formed in Cairo in 1945 to promote the independence, sovereignty, affairs, and interests of its member countries and observers. Its aims include strengthening and coordinating the political, cultural, economic, and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq,Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Syria was ousted from the Arab League in 2011 following President Bashar al-Assad’s brutal crackdown on prodemocracy protests, which led to the ongoing civil war in the country. More than a decade later, with Bashar still in power in Syria, The Arab League voted to reinstate Syria’s membership into the organization. 

Data journalism is a type of journalism reflecting the increased role that
numerical data has in the production and distribution of information in the digital
era. It reflects the increased interaction between content producers
(journalists) and several other fields such as design, computer science and
statistics. On the flip side, more traditional forms of journalism are qualitative
in approach, focusing more on interpretation and contextualisation.

Minilateralism allows a small group of countries with shared interests and values to resolve specific issues. They form targeted initiatives intended to address a “specific threat, theme or security issue. A clear example of minilateralism occurred when the UAE, India, and France recently announced their shared commitment to work together through a trilateral framework in various fields such as defence, energy, and technology. Multilateralism is defined as a formal effort by multiple states to build trust and avoid conflict by identifying, institutionalizing and observing rules and norms for a common vision of regional or international order. Examples include World Trade Organisation (WTO), NATO, UN etc.

After the brunt of the 1947 Partition, the Government of India agreed that the reorganisation of state borders was necessary, but the basis of reorganisation was yet to be determined. One of the proposals was to reorganise the state on the basis of languages of India. This would make administration easier, and would help replace the caste and religion-based identities with less controversial linguistic identities. Language would also serve as a  pivotal means of community formation. On 17 June 1948, Rajendra Prasad, the President of the Constituent Assembly, set up the Linguistic Provinces Commission (aka Dar Commission) to recommend whether the states should be reorganised on linguistic basis or not. In its 10 December 1948 report, the Commission recommended that "the formation of provinces on exclusively or even mainly linguistic considerations is not in the larger interests of the Indian nation. "It recommended the reorganisation of the provinces primarily on the basis of geographical contiguity, financial self sufficiency and ease of administration."